CENTRE FOR SANITATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION (CENSAHEP) UGANDA
- Dennis Lukaaya
- Kampala, Central, Uganda
- Mobile:+256(0) 772 662 062 Email:lukaaya@yahoo.com OR censahepuganda@gmail.com
Friday, November 26, 2010
Wednesday, November 10, 2010
AfricaSan 3 taking place in Kigali, Rwanda from 19-21 July 2011
Preparations have started for AfricaSan 3, the 3rd African Conference on Sanitation and Hygiene. The Rwandan government is hosting the conference, which is being organised by the AMCOW Sanitation Task Force, in the capital Kigali from 19-21 July 2011.
The conference objectives are to:
- present and exchange knowledge on strategies to overcome key bottlenecks to implementing large scale sanitation and hygiene programs
- strengthen the evidence base for scaling up sanitation and hygiene programs in Africa
- kickstart the 5 year drive to get Africa back on track to meet the sanitation MDG and achieve sustainable universal coverage
The preliminary program includes two types of learning opportunities:
- Thematic learning exchange which draws from key experiences and studies to address critical issues – these sessions are designed by the conference organisers.
- Seminars hosted by agencies or groups of agencies, showcasing their latest thinking and findings – these sessions are designed by the agency in consultation with the conference organizers.
The Second African Conference on Sanitation and Hygiene – AfricaSan+5 – took place in Durban, South Africa from February 18–21, 2008. It produced the eThekwini Declaration, which included “firm resolutions to place
sanitation and hygiene at the top of the development agenda in Africa”.
sanitation and hygiene at the top of the development agenda in Africa”.
For more info about AfricaSan 3 contact the Conference Director Piers Cross, pierscross_2000@yahoo.com
Participatory Learning and Action Participatory Learning and Action 61 – Tales of shit: Community-Led Total Sanitation in Africa
Guest editors: Petra Bongartz, Samuel Musembi Musyoki, Angela Milligan and Holly Ashley
Published by IIED.
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Where do you shit? In developing countries, the answer to this question may determine whether you live or die. Around 2.6 billion people do not have access to a toilet – about four in ten of the world’s population. Instead, they defecate in the open – in the bush, the forest, by riverbanks and lakes, near train tracks and by the side of the road. The consequences are dire. Shit carries disease and is a major killer. Lack of sanitation also impacts on general well-being, human dignity and personal freedom. Despite this, many sanitation programmes have failed to convince rural communities of the benefits of good hygiene. However, this has begun to change in recent years with the development of a radical new participatory approach called Community-Led Total Sanitation. CLTS has encouraged millions of people around the world to look at, talk about and tackle the problems caused by open defecation. This has not happened through education, force or monetary incentives, but through the facilitation of a participatory process called ‘triggering’. Using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools, communities analyse their hygiene habits and practices and mobilise to take collective action to totally sanitise their environments. Following its development and spread in Asia, CLTS is now being piloted in Africa. This special issue of Participatory Learning and Action draws on this growing body of experience, and includes case studies from East, Southern and West Africa. The overview article by the guest editors provides an introduction to CLTS, and discusses key elements for successful CLTS and issues around scaling up CLTS in Africa. A resources section highlights key publications, websites and online communities for CLTS practitioners. This issue will be of interest to the many organisations and individuals involved in implementing and taking CLTS to scale in Africa and elsewhere, as well as to other participatory practitioners.
About the editors
Petra Bongartz is Coordination, Communication and Networking Officer for CLTS at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), University of Sussex, UK. Samuel Musembi Musyoki is Director of Programmes for Plan International Kenya. Angela Milligan and Holly Ashley are Co-editors of Participatory Learning and Action.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. Click on the links below to read abstracts and download individual articles.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Editorial, Glossary of CLTS acronyms, terms and definitions, International Glossary of Shit and Theme issue abstractsTHEME SECTION: TALES OF SHIT: COMMUNITY-LED TOTAL SANITATION IN AFRICA
1. Overview: Tales Of Shit: Community-Led Total Sanitation in Africa
Petra Bongartz, Samuel Musembi Musyoki, Angela Milligan and Holly Ashley
2. Scaling up CLTS in sub-Saharan Africa
Sophie Hickling and Jane Bevan
PART I: COMMUNITY-LEVEL PROCESSES
3. Freeing the imagination: innovations in CLTS facilitation in Zimbabwe
Herbert Kudzanai Chimhowa
4. Walking down the forbidden lane: 'shit talk' promotes sanitation
Mariama Munia Zombo
5. From amazzi to amazi: it’s not a water problem
Terry A. Wolfer and Robin W. Kloot
6. Breaking shit taboos: CLTS in Kenya
Buluma Bwire
7. CLTS in East Africa: a path to child and youth empowerment?
Cathy Shutt
PART II: MANAGEMENT/ORGANISATIONAL CHANGES
8. Participatory development approaches need participatory management!
Ashley Raeside
9. Adopting CLTS: is your organisation ready? Analysing organisational
requirements
Jean-François Soublière
PART III: GOING TO SCALE
10. Revolutionising sanitation in Zambia: scaling up CLTS
Giveson Zulu, Peter Harvey and Leonard Mukosha
11. Challenging mindsets: CLTS and government policy in Zimbabwe
Samuel Rukuni
12. Scaling up CLTS in Kenya: opportunities, challenges and lessons
Samuel Musembi Musyoki
13. Shit travels fast: towards a global CLTS network
Petra Bongartz
PART IV: TIPS FOR TRAINERS
14. A note for trainers, facilitators and those commissioning CLTS training
Samuel Musembi Musyoki
15. Triggering: an extract from the Handbook on Community-Led Total
Sanitation
Kamal Kar with Robert Chambers
16. Let's write! Running a participatory writeshop
Angela Milligan and Petra Bongartz
REGULAR FEATURES
In Touch and RCPLA Network
RELATED LINKS
Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)
The CLTS website aims to be a global hub for CLTS, connecting the network of practitioners, communities, NGOs, agencies, researchers, governments, donors and others involved or interested in CLTS. The site contains practical information about the approach, information on CLTS in different countries, research papers, relevant news and events and many other useful materials. It intends to serve as an up-to-date virtual resource centre and is a space for sharing and learning on CLTS across organisations, countries and sectors. The site reflects the rich, varied and dynamic nature of the approach and hopes to encourage debate around key aspects of CLTS in order to improve policy and practice.
The Communication Initiative Network: The Drum Beat - Issue 528 - Communicating for Sanitation, February 8 2010
This issue looks at sanitation more widely, but there are references to CLTS. It includes:
- Addressing sanitation through behaviour change communication.
- Interact within our new social networking platform!
- Engaging children and communities in sanitation action.
- Social marketing approaches to sanitation.
- Snapshot: how partnerships have supported sanitation communication.
The EcoSanRes (Ecological Sanitation Research) Programme aims to develop and promote sustainable sanitation in the developing world through capacity development and knowledge management as a contribution to equity, health, poverty alleviation, and improved environmental quality.
International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC)
Aims to bridge the knowledge gap and promote joint learning with partners for improved, low-cost water supply, sanitation and hygiene. Information-packed website, including a digital library of grey literature.
Plan International Plan, an international NGO focused on children, has taken a leading role in introducing CLTS in East and Southern Africa. Their website includes useful case studies, videos and publications about their CLTS work.
STEPS Centre Water and Sanitation
STEPS is a global research and policy engagement centre, bringing together development studies and science and technology studies. There is a water and sanitation section on the website, with extensive resources.
SuSanA
The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) is an informal network of organisations (currently 125 from 45 countries) who share a common vision on sustainable sanitation. Has a documents database, mostly downloadable.
UNICEF
UNICEF aims to help build a world where the rights of every child are realised, working to influence decision-makers, and with a variety of partners at grassroots level. It is active in 190 countries through country programmes and National Committees. Community led approaches to total sanitation are a key element of UNICEF’s global WASH strategy. Its website contains a number of case studies of CLTS in East, West and Southern Africa.
Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) Loughbourough
WEDC is one of the world's leading education and research institutes for developing knowledge and capacity in water and sanitation for low- and middle-income countries. Has many publications to download free of charge.
WaterAid
WaterAid is an international NGO working to improve access to safe water, hygiene and sanitation in 26 countries in Africa, Asia and the Pacific region. The website has a library of downloadable policy, advocacy and research publications
The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC)
A partnership organisation mandated by the UN, the WSSCC focuses on networking and knowledge management, advocacy and communications and administering a Global Sanitation Fund, The latter provides funding for sanitation initiatives, recognising that sanitation is both vitally important and often neglected.
Water, Sanitation, HygieneWebsite containing technical resources and providing a forum for people working in the areas of water, sanitation and hygiene.
Water and Sanitation Program
The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe and sustainable access to water and sanitation services. It works directly with client governments at the local and national level in 25 countries through regional offices in Africa, East and South Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and in, Washington D.C. Its aim is to share best practice across regions, and it includes various publications on CLTS.
World Toilet OrganisationWorld Toilet Organisation (WTO) is a global non- profit organisation committed to improving toilet and sanitation conditions worldwide. Useful resources section on the website.
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Sanitation icon retires: Valedictory Symposium announced for Professor Duncan Mara
Prof. Duncan Mara
Professor Duncan Mara retired from the University of Leeds, UK, in September 2010. To celebrate his work and achievements a Valedictory Symposium (the Global Public Health Crisis) and Dinner will be held on 13 January 2011 at the university.
The meeting will be in the format of a Royal Society Discussion meeting with ample time for debate and contributions from the floor. Speakers, representing different strands of Professor Mara’s career and legacy, include Sir Richard Feacham of UCSF, Professor Tom Curtis of Newcastle University, Graham Alabaster of UN Habitat, Martin Gambrill of the World Bank and Barbara Evans of the University of Leeds.
Tuesday, November 9, 2010
Nile Basin: Water crisis emerging
Posted on July 2, 2010 by westerhof| Leave a comment
A water crisis is emerging in the Nile Basin where some 300 million people in Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania and Burundi rely on the Nile indirectly and directly along its 6,741-kilometre stretch. In 1999 the countries of the Nile Basin formed the Nile Basin Initiative. Since then there have been a number of disputes between Egypt and Sudan on the one hand and a challenge by the other countries on the validity of the Nile Water Agreement, which they claim is an unjust colonial relic and should not be applicable in a post-independent Africa. Sahel Blog has been following the present dispute which appears to be at a stalemate with Egypt and Sudan refusing to join the others in a water sharing agreement:
'The nations that signed the agreement in May – Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Kenya – will not back down. But they will need help to bring the agreement into being. The five signatories have given the other Nile Basin countries – Egypt, Sudan, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo – one year to join the pact. The new deal would need at least six signatories to come into force. Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have not signed the deal yet and have so far been tight-lipped about whether they plan to or not. Egypt and Sudan are still saying no to the deal: Responding to the [latest] developments, Kamal Ali Mohamed, Sudan's water minister, said his country would now stop co-operating with the NBI because the agreement raised legal issues.'
Source: Sokari Ekine, Pambazuka News, 1 July 2010
Uganda: The sad story of Lake Victoria
Posted on July 6, 2010 by westerhof| 2 Comments
Waste management remains a problem in Uganda. This has caused pollution of the environment including the soil and water. Edwin Nuwagaba looks at how pollution has impacted on Lake Victoria and how environmentalists are dealing with the problem.
Back in my secondary school days, we were taught the properties of water. We were told by the chemistry teacher that water is actually colorless. And in geography, we were told Lake Victoria was one of the world's fresh water bodies and that the areas surrounding it received regular rainfall with high crop yields. This appears to have drastically changed.
First, when I visited Murchison Bay in Luzira recently, I found something different about water. The water here had turned dark green.
Reason? The experts said Lake Victoria had been polluted. And the pollution had put the entire lake at risk of drying up.
The surrounding areas now experience long spells of heat. And according to experts, Lake Victoria, is now greatly at risk of environmental degradation because unplanned development around it has destroyed the lake's catchment area.
The wetlands and swamps around the lake have been encroached on and some wiped out. "More and more people have been moving towards the lake because of its fertile soils and its reliable rainfall," said Mr Simon Thuo, a water expert at Nile Basin Initiative.
Expert opinion
According to Mr Thuo, the biggest urban centres in the country like Jinja, Masaka Municipalities and Kampala City are located around the lake, therefore, releasing effluent into the lake.
Moreover, the effluent is normally inadequately treated hence causing significant pollution. This pollution is worsened by the lack of virgin land around the water body.
Human activities like construction, cutting of trees and poor methods of farming have denied the lake enough ability to store fresh water. "The lake needs some virgin land so that the water can be able to infiltrate and percolate. Water naturally needs to move at a surface flow for it to be able to come out as sub-surface flow, and this is the water that feeds our streams," said Mr Fred Kyosingira, a commissioner at the Directorate of Water.
The water expert added that when human beings mess with the catchment area, the hydrological cycle is rendered incomplete, therefore; the water does not get to filtrate. According to Mr Kyosingira, if the water does not infiltrate the ground, it causing conditions like flooding during wet seasons because the rain water simply runs off the surface.
According to experts, unchecked destruction of Lake Victoria's catchment area has exposed the lake and left it vulnerable to siltation and possible drying up.
Lake dries up
The experts worry that unlike Lake Tanganyika which is 1,470 metres deep, Lake Victoria's depth ranges from 80 metres to 140 metres, therefore; the latter's exposure to siltation and pollution, makes it more vulnerable to extinction.
According to the study entitled "Dropping water levels of lake Victoria 2005″ conducted by the Water Resources Management Department in the Ministry of Water, the surface flow by far represents the largest inflow of water to Lake Victoria, accounting for 82 per cent of the inflow with the rest being contributed by land discharge (water that comes from the land after it has rained).
This explains why it is very important not to tamper with the catchment area. And Mr Oweyegha Afunaduula, an environmentalist at Uganda Nile Discourse Forum, says the lake's catchment area has been destroyed by people who have illegally reclaimed wetlands around the lake.
"Our lake is not so deep. If it continues to lose more and more water and if siltation continues, it may dry up," he said, adding that "And whenever the water
becomes less, it also becomes dirty, and creates a dirty environment where diseases such as cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid, fever, diarrhea, anthrax, dysentery and others emerge."
Besides diseases, Mr Afunaduula said: "Lake Chad was the eighth largest lake in the world but now it is more of a swamp than a lake."
According to Mr Afunaduula, Lake Baringo in Kenya has become shallow because of siltation. He said the lake has since reduced from its original depth of nine metres to about a metre.
The adverse effects of the mismanagement of Lake Victoria's catchment area are not just for the future. They are manifest even now. For instance, at Murchison Bay where the water has turned green, National Water & Sewerage Corporation draws the water which it supplies to the city and its suburbs.
According to Mr Christopher Kanyesigye, the quality control manager at the NW&SC, over time, the costs of treating the water skyrocketed. To purify water today, he said, requires huge amounts of chemicals.
Yet in 1992, Mr Kanyesigye said, 25mg of a chemical known as alum (Aluminum Sulphate) was used per litre of the water they supplied.
By 2003 the alum dose used to treat a litre of water had increased to an average of 36mg. In 2006, it shot to 50mg and in 2007 it shot to 65mg. Today, an average of 75mg is used per liter.
Source: Edwin Nuwagaba, The Monitor / (allAfrica.com, 3 July 2010
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Uganda: One hundred and forty Arua boreholes abandoned
Posted on August 6, 2010 by westerhof| Leave a comment
Boreholes worth over sh2.8 billion have been abandoned in Arua district after they broke down, the deputy chief administrative officer, Martin Gwoktho, has revealed.
He said out of the 706 boreholes in the district, 146 are non-functional, while about 562 are operational but may break down any time. "There is need to improve the status of our water sources. The 30% non-functionality status should be lowered to 10% and below," Gwoktho said.
He was speaking during the opening session of a training workshop for pump mechanics from the sub-counties in Arua district. The training was organised by Arua district in partnership with the Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV). Gwoktho noted that being a member of the UN, Uganda assented to the Millennium Development Goals, which entails eradication of poverty and hunger.
"We have four years left to hit the goals. So, if we sit back, how are we going to achieve our goals in the remaining years?" he wondered. "This is why government is attaching much importance on improved water coverage and sanitation."
Citing the low water coverage in the Nile belt sub-counties of Ogoko, Rigbo and Rhino camp, Gwoktho noted that average water coverage in Arua has dropped to 72 %. He hailed SNV for providing advisory services and capacity building activities to the community.
Source: Richard Adrama, New Vision / allAfrica.com, 4 August 2010
Uganda: Project uses sports, school visits to promote health
Posted on August 12, 2010 by westerhof| Leave a comment
A new campaign to enhance empowerment of local people to demand and promote sanitation in the eastern and northern districts has been launched. The initiative by Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (Wash)United- Uganda is seeking to increase latrine coverage and empower the local people to demand for easy access to safe water because it is their right. Working in four districts of Kibuku in the east, Gulu and Lira in the north as well as Kampala in the central, the project is aimed at averting diseases resulting from improper disposal of human waste and lack of safe water. "People have been very reluctant and little or no attention was put on hygiene, water and sanitation. People could go to latrines that have no hand washing facilities like a small jerrycan and soap while many others did not know the importance and application of the hygiene facilities," says Francis Opande, the project coordinator, Kibuku Youth Wash Association said.
He says other people do not have toilets and are using polythene bags in their houses which they throw in the wee hours of the night on the road side, dust bins, bushes while others dump them in the neighbourhood. Opande says the campaign started in primary schools as first priority because most of the schools do not have washing facilities; "But also school children can easily spread the message of hygiene to their homes."Wash United uses football-based games to educate children about the importance of safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene and facilitate behaviour change.
"World Toilet Cup is a WASH United trademark game that allows both children and adults to approach the touchy issue of sanitation in a fun way. Through the game, participants learn about the crucial importance of sanitation for health, safety, the environment, prosperity and dignity," says Opande.
"Participants make an effort to tackle the sanitation crisis by kicking as many brown "poo-balls" as possible where they belong – into toilets and latrines. Players who aim particularly well can win a Wash United team shirt." says Ms Annet Tamale, an activist with Uganda Water and Sanitation NGO Network (Uwasnet), the project coordinators. She argues that washing hands with only water is not good enough because one needs a good scrub with water and soap if they want to get rid of all the germs.
Source: Juliet Kigongo, Daily Monitor, 12 August 2010
Uganda: City slum dwellers seek help on sanitation
Posted on September 3, 2010 by westerhof| Leave a comment
Residents living along the Nakivubo Channel in Namuwongo Zone B, one of the most unhygienic slums in the city, have asked the Government to improve sanitation there to fight malaria. Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water. The appeal was made at Muyenga Community Police Post Hall in Makindye Division where officials from the health ministry, with the assistance from local council (LC) authorities, distributed 9,050 treated mosquito nets.
The beneficiaries were mainly mothers, children under five years and the elderly. This was the first phase of the countrywide campaign against malaria. Venance Kakooza, a resident, said: "We have been appealing to our leaders to consider unblocking the trenches and stop rich people from the upper side from letting their sewage flow into our houses to no avail."
He said the sewage was a threat to their health, adding that residents had also complained of the stench. "We thank the Government for giving us nets but it should work on the source of the problem," Kakooza said.
The Inspector General of Police, Maj. Gen. Kale Kayihura, a resident of the area, visited the distribution centre and commended the Police for working together with the local leaders in mobilising residents and for ensuring a peaceful distribution exercise.
The vice-chairperson of Muyenga Hill Zone, Beatrice Mbabazi, said the area comprises 14 zones. She added that LC officials registered the beneficiaries in each home and gave out coupons for obtaining the items.
Source: Eddie Sejjoba, New Vision / allAfrica.com, 1 September 2010
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