CENTRE FOR SANITATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION (CENSAHEP) UGANDA
- Dennis Lukaaya
- Kampala, Central, Uganda
- Mobile:+256(0) 772 662 062 Email:lukaaya@yahoo.com OR censahepuganda@gmail.com
Friday, November 26, 2010
Wednesday, November 10, 2010
AfricaSan 3 taking place in Kigali, Rwanda from 19-21 July 2011
Preparations have started for AfricaSan 3, the 3rd African Conference on Sanitation and Hygiene. The Rwandan government is hosting the conference, which is being organised by the AMCOW Sanitation Task Force, in the capital Kigali from 19-21 July 2011.
The conference objectives are to:
- present and exchange knowledge on strategies to overcome key bottlenecks to implementing large scale sanitation and hygiene programs
- strengthen the evidence base for scaling up sanitation and hygiene programs in Africa
- kickstart the 5 year drive to get Africa back on track to meet the sanitation MDG and achieve sustainable universal coverage
The preliminary program includes two types of learning opportunities:
- Thematic learning exchange which draws from key experiences and studies to address critical issues – these sessions are designed by the conference organisers.
- Seminars hosted by agencies or groups of agencies, showcasing their latest thinking and findings – these sessions are designed by the agency in consultation with the conference organizers.
The Second African Conference on Sanitation and Hygiene – AfricaSan+5 – took place in Durban, South Africa from February 18–21, 2008. It produced the eThekwini Declaration, which included “firm resolutions to place
sanitation and hygiene at the top of the development agenda in Africa”.
sanitation and hygiene at the top of the development agenda in Africa”.
For more info about AfricaSan 3 contact the Conference Director Piers Cross, pierscross_2000@yahoo.com
Participatory Learning and Action Participatory Learning and Action 61 – Tales of shit: Community-Led Total Sanitation in Africa
Guest editors: Petra Bongartz, Samuel Musembi Musyoki, Angela Milligan and Holly Ashley
Published by IIED.
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Where do you shit? In developing countries, the answer to this question may determine whether you live or die. Around 2.6 billion people do not have access to a toilet – about four in ten of the world’s population. Instead, they defecate in the open – in the bush, the forest, by riverbanks and lakes, near train tracks and by the side of the road. The consequences are dire. Shit carries disease and is a major killer. Lack of sanitation also impacts on general well-being, human dignity and personal freedom. Despite this, many sanitation programmes have failed to convince rural communities of the benefits of good hygiene. However, this has begun to change in recent years with the development of a radical new participatory approach called Community-Led Total Sanitation. CLTS has encouraged millions of people around the world to look at, talk about and tackle the problems caused by open defecation. This has not happened through education, force or monetary incentives, but through the facilitation of a participatory process called ‘triggering’. Using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools, communities analyse their hygiene habits and practices and mobilise to take collective action to totally sanitise their environments. Following its development and spread in Asia, CLTS is now being piloted in Africa. This special issue of Participatory Learning and Action draws on this growing body of experience, and includes case studies from East, Southern and West Africa. The overview article by the guest editors provides an introduction to CLTS, and discusses key elements for successful CLTS and issues around scaling up CLTS in Africa. A resources section highlights key publications, websites and online communities for CLTS practitioners. This issue will be of interest to the many organisations and individuals involved in implementing and taking CLTS to scale in Africa and elsewhere, as well as to other participatory practitioners.
About the editors
Petra Bongartz is Coordination, Communication and Networking Officer for CLTS at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), University of Sussex, UK. Samuel Musembi Musyoki is Director of Programmes for Plan International Kenya. Angela Milligan and Holly Ashley are Co-editors of Participatory Learning and Action.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. Click on the links below to read abstracts and download individual articles.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Editorial, Glossary of CLTS acronyms, terms and definitions, International Glossary of Shit and Theme issue abstractsTHEME SECTION: TALES OF SHIT: COMMUNITY-LED TOTAL SANITATION IN AFRICA
1. Overview: Tales Of Shit: Community-Led Total Sanitation in Africa
Petra Bongartz, Samuel Musembi Musyoki, Angela Milligan and Holly Ashley
2. Scaling up CLTS in sub-Saharan Africa
Sophie Hickling and Jane Bevan
PART I: COMMUNITY-LEVEL PROCESSES
3. Freeing the imagination: innovations in CLTS facilitation in Zimbabwe
Herbert Kudzanai Chimhowa
4. Walking down the forbidden lane: 'shit talk' promotes sanitation
Mariama Munia Zombo
5. From amazzi to amazi: it’s not a water problem
Terry A. Wolfer and Robin W. Kloot
6. Breaking shit taboos: CLTS in Kenya
Buluma Bwire
7. CLTS in East Africa: a path to child and youth empowerment?
Cathy Shutt
PART II: MANAGEMENT/ORGANISATIONAL CHANGES
8. Participatory development approaches need participatory management!
Ashley Raeside
9. Adopting CLTS: is your organisation ready? Analysing organisational
requirements
Jean-François Soublière
PART III: GOING TO SCALE
10. Revolutionising sanitation in Zambia: scaling up CLTS
Giveson Zulu, Peter Harvey and Leonard Mukosha
11. Challenging mindsets: CLTS and government policy in Zimbabwe
Samuel Rukuni
12. Scaling up CLTS in Kenya: opportunities, challenges and lessons
Samuel Musembi Musyoki
13. Shit travels fast: towards a global CLTS network
Petra Bongartz
PART IV: TIPS FOR TRAINERS
14. A note for trainers, facilitators and those commissioning CLTS training
Samuel Musembi Musyoki
15. Triggering: an extract from the Handbook on Community-Led Total
Sanitation
Kamal Kar with Robert Chambers
16. Let's write! Running a participatory writeshop
Angela Milligan and Petra Bongartz
REGULAR FEATURES
In Touch and RCPLA Network
RELATED LINKS
Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)
The CLTS website aims to be a global hub for CLTS, connecting the network of practitioners, communities, NGOs, agencies, researchers, governments, donors and others involved or interested in CLTS. The site contains practical information about the approach, information on CLTS in different countries, research papers, relevant news and events and many other useful materials. It intends to serve as an up-to-date virtual resource centre and is a space for sharing and learning on CLTS across organisations, countries and sectors. The site reflects the rich, varied and dynamic nature of the approach and hopes to encourage debate around key aspects of CLTS in order to improve policy and practice.
The Communication Initiative Network: The Drum Beat - Issue 528 - Communicating for Sanitation, February 8 2010
This issue looks at sanitation more widely, but there are references to CLTS. It includes:
- Addressing sanitation through behaviour change communication.
- Interact within our new social networking platform!
- Engaging children and communities in sanitation action.
- Social marketing approaches to sanitation.
- Snapshot: how partnerships have supported sanitation communication.
The EcoSanRes (Ecological Sanitation Research) Programme aims to develop and promote sustainable sanitation in the developing world through capacity development and knowledge management as a contribution to equity, health, poverty alleviation, and improved environmental quality.
International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC)
Aims to bridge the knowledge gap and promote joint learning with partners for improved, low-cost water supply, sanitation and hygiene. Information-packed website, including a digital library of grey literature.
Plan International Plan, an international NGO focused on children, has taken a leading role in introducing CLTS in East and Southern Africa. Their website includes useful case studies, videos and publications about their CLTS work.
STEPS Centre Water and Sanitation
STEPS is a global research and policy engagement centre, bringing together development studies and science and technology studies. There is a water and sanitation section on the website, with extensive resources.
SuSanA
The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) is an informal network of organisations (currently 125 from 45 countries) who share a common vision on sustainable sanitation. Has a documents database, mostly downloadable.
UNICEF
UNICEF aims to help build a world where the rights of every child are realised, working to influence decision-makers, and with a variety of partners at grassroots level. It is active in 190 countries through country programmes and National Committees. Community led approaches to total sanitation are a key element of UNICEF’s global WASH strategy. Its website contains a number of case studies of CLTS in East, West and Southern Africa.
Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) Loughbourough
WEDC is one of the world's leading education and research institutes for developing knowledge and capacity in water and sanitation for low- and middle-income countries. Has many publications to download free of charge.
WaterAid
WaterAid is an international NGO working to improve access to safe water, hygiene and sanitation in 26 countries in Africa, Asia and the Pacific region. The website has a library of downloadable policy, advocacy and research publications
The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC)
A partnership organisation mandated by the UN, the WSSCC focuses on networking and knowledge management, advocacy and communications and administering a Global Sanitation Fund, The latter provides funding for sanitation initiatives, recognising that sanitation is both vitally important and often neglected.
Water, Sanitation, HygieneWebsite containing technical resources and providing a forum for people working in the areas of water, sanitation and hygiene.
Water and Sanitation Program
The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to support poor people in obtaining affordable, safe and sustainable access to water and sanitation services. It works directly with client governments at the local and national level in 25 countries through regional offices in Africa, East and South Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and in, Washington D.C. Its aim is to share best practice across regions, and it includes various publications on CLTS.
World Toilet OrganisationWorld Toilet Organisation (WTO) is a global non- profit organisation committed to improving toilet and sanitation conditions worldwide. Useful resources section on the website.
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All rights reserved.
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tel: +44 (0) 20 7388 2117, fax: +44 (0) 20 7388 2826.
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Sanitation icon retires: Valedictory Symposium announced for Professor Duncan Mara
Prof. Duncan Mara
Professor Duncan Mara retired from the University of Leeds, UK, in September 2010. To celebrate his work and achievements a Valedictory Symposium (the Global Public Health Crisis) and Dinner will be held on 13 January 2011 at the university.
The meeting will be in the format of a Royal Society Discussion meeting with ample time for debate and contributions from the floor. Speakers, representing different strands of Professor Mara’s career and legacy, include Sir Richard Feacham of UCSF, Professor Tom Curtis of Newcastle University, Graham Alabaster of UN Habitat, Martin Gambrill of the World Bank and Barbara Evans of the University of Leeds.
Tuesday, November 9, 2010
Nile Basin: Water crisis emerging
Posted on July 2, 2010 by westerhof| Leave a comment
A water crisis is emerging in the Nile Basin where some 300 million people in Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania and Burundi rely on the Nile indirectly and directly along its 6,741-kilometre stretch. In 1999 the countries of the Nile Basin formed the Nile Basin Initiative. Since then there have been a number of disputes between Egypt and Sudan on the one hand and a challenge by the other countries on the validity of the Nile Water Agreement, which they claim is an unjust colonial relic and should not be applicable in a post-independent Africa. Sahel Blog has been following the present dispute which appears to be at a stalemate with Egypt and Sudan refusing to join the others in a water sharing agreement:
'The nations that signed the agreement in May – Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Kenya – will not back down. But they will need help to bring the agreement into being. The five signatories have given the other Nile Basin countries – Egypt, Sudan, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo – one year to join the pact. The new deal would need at least six signatories to come into force. Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have not signed the deal yet and have so far been tight-lipped about whether they plan to or not. Egypt and Sudan are still saying no to the deal: Responding to the [latest] developments, Kamal Ali Mohamed, Sudan's water minister, said his country would now stop co-operating with the NBI because the agreement raised legal issues.'
Source: Sokari Ekine, Pambazuka News, 1 July 2010
Uganda: The sad story of Lake Victoria
Posted on July 6, 2010 by westerhof| 2 Comments
Waste management remains a problem in Uganda. This has caused pollution of the environment including the soil and water. Edwin Nuwagaba looks at how pollution has impacted on Lake Victoria and how environmentalists are dealing with the problem.
Back in my secondary school days, we were taught the properties of water. We were told by the chemistry teacher that water is actually colorless. And in geography, we were told Lake Victoria was one of the world's fresh water bodies and that the areas surrounding it received regular rainfall with high crop yields. This appears to have drastically changed.
First, when I visited Murchison Bay in Luzira recently, I found something different about water. The water here had turned dark green.
Reason? The experts said Lake Victoria had been polluted. And the pollution had put the entire lake at risk of drying up.
The surrounding areas now experience long spells of heat. And according to experts, Lake Victoria, is now greatly at risk of environmental degradation because unplanned development around it has destroyed the lake's catchment area.
The wetlands and swamps around the lake have been encroached on and some wiped out. "More and more people have been moving towards the lake because of its fertile soils and its reliable rainfall," said Mr Simon Thuo, a water expert at Nile Basin Initiative.
Expert opinion
According to Mr Thuo, the biggest urban centres in the country like Jinja, Masaka Municipalities and Kampala City are located around the lake, therefore, releasing effluent into the lake.
Moreover, the effluent is normally inadequately treated hence causing significant pollution. This pollution is worsened by the lack of virgin land around the water body.
Human activities like construction, cutting of trees and poor methods of farming have denied the lake enough ability to store fresh water. "The lake needs some virgin land so that the water can be able to infiltrate and percolate. Water naturally needs to move at a surface flow for it to be able to come out as sub-surface flow, and this is the water that feeds our streams," said Mr Fred Kyosingira, a commissioner at the Directorate of Water.
The water expert added that when human beings mess with the catchment area, the hydrological cycle is rendered incomplete, therefore; the water does not get to filtrate. According to Mr Kyosingira, if the water does not infiltrate the ground, it causing conditions like flooding during wet seasons because the rain water simply runs off the surface.
According to experts, unchecked destruction of Lake Victoria's catchment area has exposed the lake and left it vulnerable to siltation and possible drying up.
Lake dries up
The experts worry that unlike Lake Tanganyika which is 1,470 metres deep, Lake Victoria's depth ranges from 80 metres to 140 metres, therefore; the latter's exposure to siltation and pollution, makes it more vulnerable to extinction.
According to the study entitled "Dropping water levels of lake Victoria 2005″ conducted by the Water Resources Management Department in the Ministry of Water, the surface flow by far represents the largest inflow of water to Lake Victoria, accounting for 82 per cent of the inflow with the rest being contributed by land discharge (water that comes from the land after it has rained).
This explains why it is very important not to tamper with the catchment area. And Mr Oweyegha Afunaduula, an environmentalist at Uganda Nile Discourse Forum, says the lake's catchment area has been destroyed by people who have illegally reclaimed wetlands around the lake.
"Our lake is not so deep. If it continues to lose more and more water and if siltation continues, it may dry up," he said, adding that "And whenever the water
becomes less, it also becomes dirty, and creates a dirty environment where diseases such as cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid, fever, diarrhea, anthrax, dysentery and others emerge."
Besides diseases, Mr Afunaduula said: "Lake Chad was the eighth largest lake in the world but now it is more of a swamp than a lake."
According to Mr Afunaduula, Lake Baringo in Kenya has become shallow because of siltation. He said the lake has since reduced from its original depth of nine metres to about a metre.
The adverse effects of the mismanagement of Lake Victoria's catchment area are not just for the future. They are manifest even now. For instance, at Murchison Bay where the water has turned green, National Water & Sewerage Corporation draws the water which it supplies to the city and its suburbs.
According to Mr Christopher Kanyesigye, the quality control manager at the NW&SC, over time, the costs of treating the water skyrocketed. To purify water today, he said, requires huge amounts of chemicals.
Yet in 1992, Mr Kanyesigye said, 25mg of a chemical known as alum (Aluminum Sulphate) was used per litre of the water they supplied.
By 2003 the alum dose used to treat a litre of water had increased to an average of 36mg. In 2006, it shot to 50mg and in 2007 it shot to 65mg. Today, an average of 75mg is used per liter.
Source: Edwin Nuwagaba, The Monitor / (allAfrica.com, 3 July 2010
i
Uganda: One hundred and forty Arua boreholes abandoned
Posted on August 6, 2010 by westerhof| Leave a comment
Boreholes worth over sh2.8 billion have been abandoned in Arua district after they broke down, the deputy chief administrative officer, Martin Gwoktho, has revealed.
He said out of the 706 boreholes in the district, 146 are non-functional, while about 562 are operational but may break down any time. "There is need to improve the status of our water sources. The 30% non-functionality status should be lowered to 10% and below," Gwoktho said.
He was speaking during the opening session of a training workshop for pump mechanics from the sub-counties in Arua district. The training was organised by Arua district in partnership with the Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV). Gwoktho noted that being a member of the UN, Uganda assented to the Millennium Development Goals, which entails eradication of poverty and hunger.
"We have four years left to hit the goals. So, if we sit back, how are we going to achieve our goals in the remaining years?" he wondered. "This is why government is attaching much importance on improved water coverage and sanitation."
Citing the low water coverage in the Nile belt sub-counties of Ogoko, Rigbo and Rhino camp, Gwoktho noted that average water coverage in Arua has dropped to 72 %. He hailed SNV for providing advisory services and capacity building activities to the community.
Source: Richard Adrama, New Vision / allAfrica.com, 4 August 2010
Uganda: Project uses sports, school visits to promote health
Posted on August 12, 2010 by westerhof| Leave a comment
A new campaign to enhance empowerment of local people to demand and promote sanitation in the eastern and northern districts has been launched. The initiative by Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (Wash)United- Uganda is seeking to increase latrine coverage and empower the local people to demand for easy access to safe water because it is their right. Working in four districts of Kibuku in the east, Gulu and Lira in the north as well as Kampala in the central, the project is aimed at averting diseases resulting from improper disposal of human waste and lack of safe water. "People have been very reluctant and little or no attention was put on hygiene, water and sanitation. People could go to latrines that have no hand washing facilities like a small jerrycan and soap while many others did not know the importance and application of the hygiene facilities," says Francis Opande, the project coordinator, Kibuku Youth Wash Association said.
He says other people do not have toilets and are using polythene bags in their houses which they throw in the wee hours of the night on the road side, dust bins, bushes while others dump them in the neighbourhood. Opande says the campaign started in primary schools as first priority because most of the schools do not have washing facilities; "But also school children can easily spread the message of hygiene to their homes."Wash United uses football-based games to educate children about the importance of safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene and facilitate behaviour change.
"World Toilet Cup is a WASH United trademark game that allows both children and adults to approach the touchy issue of sanitation in a fun way. Through the game, participants learn about the crucial importance of sanitation for health, safety, the environment, prosperity and dignity," says Opande.
"Participants make an effort to tackle the sanitation crisis by kicking as many brown "poo-balls" as possible where they belong – into toilets and latrines. Players who aim particularly well can win a Wash United team shirt." says Ms Annet Tamale, an activist with Uganda Water and Sanitation NGO Network (Uwasnet), the project coordinators. She argues that washing hands with only water is not good enough because one needs a good scrub with water and soap if they want to get rid of all the germs.
Source: Juliet Kigongo, Daily Monitor, 12 August 2010
Uganda: City slum dwellers seek help on sanitation
Posted on September 3, 2010 by westerhof| Leave a comment
Residents living along the Nakivubo Channel in Namuwongo Zone B, one of the most unhygienic slums in the city, have asked the Government to improve sanitation there to fight malaria. Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water. The appeal was made at Muyenga Community Police Post Hall in Makindye Division where officials from the health ministry, with the assistance from local council (LC) authorities, distributed 9,050 treated mosquito nets.
The beneficiaries were mainly mothers, children under five years and the elderly. This was the first phase of the countrywide campaign against malaria. Venance Kakooza, a resident, said: "We have been appealing to our leaders to consider unblocking the trenches and stop rich people from the upper side from letting their sewage flow into our houses to no avail."
He said the sewage was a threat to their health, adding that residents had also complained of the stench. "We thank the Government for giving us nets but it should work on the source of the problem," Kakooza said.
The Inspector General of Police, Maj. Gen. Kale Kayihura, a resident of the area, visited the distribution centre and commended the Police for working together with the local leaders in mobilising residents and for ensuring a peaceful distribution exercise.
The vice-chairperson of Muyenga Hill Zone, Beatrice Mbabazi, said the area comprises 14 zones. She added that LC officials registered the beneficiaries in each home and gave out coupons for obtaining the items.
Source: Eddie Sejjoba, New Vision / allAfrica.com, 1 September 2010
Friday, October 22, 2010
Thursday, October 21, 2010
Uganda: Nation gets sh470 billion for water, energy
Posted on October 21, 2010 by westerhof| Leave a comment
Uganda and Germany have signed a bilateral financing agreement worth over sh470b to support the promotion of renewable energy, energy efficiency, water and sanitation provision as well as easing access to rural finance.
The signing marked the conclusion of negotiations held in May between representatives of the two governments.
The ceremony took place yesterday at the finance ministry's boardroom between the Finance Minister, Syda Bbumba, German envoy to Uganda Klaus Dieter Duxmann and Nobert Kloppenburg, the board manager of KfW, the German development bank.
Bbumba said the funds will contribute to the provision of safe water in the country, where currently 66% of Ugandans have access to safe water in rural and urban areas.
Part of the money will be used to support the financial sector as well as ensuring efficient use of government resources for better service delivery.
Duxmann said the basis of German relations with Uganda lies in the respect for democratic institutions, human rights, rule of law, as well as promotion of peace and stability in the region.
He commended the Government for making progress in development and achieving the targets outlined in the recently-launched National Development Plan.
On corruption, he said there is need for the Government to speed up the follow up of corruption cases as noted in the Auditor General's report and the report of the Africa Peer Review Mechanism.
He disclosed that Germany will support the office of the Prime Minister in implementing the Peace, Recovery and Development Plan for northern Uganda and set up a programme to strengthen human rights in Uganda.
Source: Raymond Baguma, New Vision /allAfrica.com, 18 October 2010
Friday, October 15, 2010
Uganda: Mbarara Residents to Face Eviction Over Encroachment Fred Turyakira
14 October 2010
Kampala — THE National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) and the National Water and Sewerage Corporation have vowed to evict residents in Mbarara town who encroach on wetlands and sewage ponds.
Over 20 homes in Kijungu and Kisenyi in Mbarara town face eviction.
"The Public Health and NEMA Act says the public should not go beyond the buffer zone of 30 feet from the lagoons, but they have destroyed the greenbelt and gone beyond the buffer zone," said Jeoconius Musingwire, the south-western region environment officer.
He was addressing on Monday told journalists in his office at Kamukuzi in Mbarara district.
The encroachers also risk acquiring diseases from inhaling the smelly air from the lagoons.
Musingwire added that some people take contaminated water from the sewage ponds, which can transmit diseases.
He blamed the Mbarara authorities for failing to enforce the law barring construction in wetlands and near sewage ponds.
Relevant Links
Musingwire also warned encroachers into Ndeija, Keiho, Rwemigina, Kashari wetlands who were degrading the streams connecting to River Rwizi in Mbarara district.
When David Opoka, the National Water and Sewerage Corporation general manager for Mbarara region, was contacted over the encroachment, he said they would evict the encroachers.
"They will face the law. Our lagoons have been there for over 40 years. We cannot see why houses constructed in four years should displace us from our property," he said.
Opoka also warned of action against people who cut the chain-link fence at Kijungu sewage pond and created walkways through the protected area.
Stratus Mushabe, the Mbarara municipality town clerk, said they would work with NEMA to evict the encroachers.
Uganda: Over 50,000 lack toilets in Mbale
Posted on October 8, 2010 by westerhof| Leave a comment
Over 50,000 people residing in slums in Mbale Municipality do not have access to pit-latrines. Mbale Municipality has a population of about 86,000 people, while the district has over 400,000 people.
Richard Wandoba, the officer in charge of health and hygiene in the National Slum Dwellers Federation of Uganda Mbale region (NSDF), told New Vision that a study carried out by the federation had indicated that only 25% of the residents have access to makeshift pit-latrines.
The report showed that the most affected areas are Mission Cell, Nkoma, Kiteso, Kampala road in Nkoma and Kichafu. Others are Mooni, Kikamba, Nabuyo, Shaba, Maluku, Nailoni, Doko, Half London, Muvule Cell, Nyanza, and BCU quarters.
Wandoba said the survey revealed that an average household in the slums consists of between five to 15 people, residing in dilapidated mud shelters. He explained that the families living in these areas do not have enough space, adding that women cook near stinking roofless pit-latrines, exposing them to the risk of contracting various diseases. Traders have set up food kiosks near the polluted streams.
He said the population in the slums is rising yet the only economic activity carried out is brewing malwa, adding that revellers use dark corners in the slums to dispose of waste, while others use plastic bags. Residents with makeshift toilets, Wandoba said, have polluted the water bodies by channelling waste from the toilets into them.
He noted that the federation had initiated awareness campaigns through the health and hygiene committee to sensitise the residents on the dangers of poor waste management.
Wandoba said they had received sh40m through the Slum Dwellers International Association to construct pit-latrines in each division.
He said they were waiting for Mbale municipal council to approve the land where the pit-latrines will be constructed.
"We shall start building as soon as land is available. When works are completed, residents will have to pay sh100 that will be used to pay cleaners," said Wandoba.
Source: Paul Watala, New Vision /allAfrica.com, 7 October 2010
Tuesday, October 5, 2010
Uganda: African leaders told to improve sanitation, provide clean water
Posted on July 20, 2010 by westerhof| 1 Comment
African leaders have been urged to address issues relating to sanitation and water as one of the major components in reducing maternal and infant mortality in the continent.
Yunia Musaazi, the East African policy advisor for Water Aid, said for African countries to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), it was important to prevent deaths resulting from diarrhoea, which is the biggest killer of children in Africa.
"Everyday, 2,000 African children die from diarrhoea. These deaths are preventable by providing safe water and maintaining sanitation," Musaazi said.
She was speaking as one of the panelists drawn from civil society organisations across Africa to demand better health services from leaders ahead of the African Heads of State summit scheduled for July 25 to 27.
The theme of this year's summit is how to make rapid progress in addressing the MDGs that deal with the survival of mothers, infants and children.
Musaazi explained that with good sanitation and safe water, the lives of mothers and their children could significantly be addressed, thereby reducing the number of deaths from unsafe water and poor sanitation.
"An expectant mother needs to deliver from a clean environment. Even after leaving the health centre, she needs to live in a clean environment with clean water for her and the newborn baby," Musaazi said.
She said a recent study by the World Health Organisation estimates that 28% of child deaths were caused by poor sanitation and lack of access to clean water.
"Sanitation and safe water could prevent nine out of 10 cases of diarrhoea. Using toilets can reduce incidences of diarrhoea by nearly 40%.
Safe sanitation also reduces other leading causes of child deaths, such as under-nutrition and pneumonia," Musaazi said.
Solome Kimbugwe Nakaweesi, the executive director of Akina Mama Wa Africa, asked African leaders to honour their commitment of allocating 15% of their national budgets to the health sector as agreed in the Abuja declaration.
Nakaweesi said there were many African countries, including Uganda, that had not implemented the Abuja declaration.
She said Uganda was among the African countries that were failing to reduce maternal and infant mortality.
Source: Charles Ariko, New Vision / allAfrica.com, 18 July 2010
Uganda: NWSC disconnects Kyambogo water over illegal connections
Posted on October 1, 2010 by westerhof| Leave a comment
The National Water and Sewerage Corporation yesterday turned off water supply to Kyambogo University after it found some university facilities consuming water illegally.
The lunch time operation which took university officials unaware, was the official launch of "Operation Wet Storm," a campaign which the water and sewerage regulatory authority has started, to stop illegal use of water supplied by the corporation.
While launching the operation at the NWSC training centre in Bugolobi, a Kampala suburb, the Managing Director, Dr William Muhairwe, warned consumers who are illegally connected to the network that after a two-week amnesty for them to regularise their status with the water authority, it will be the courts of law to determine their fate.
He said a water theft desk has been opened at Central Police Station to handle the vice. He warned the staff who have been abetting the vice of dire consequences if they do not take advantage of the amnesty period to report all the connections they have made illegally.
At Kyambogo University, the NWSC uncovered four illegal connections made to Pearl Hostel, the Main Library and lecturers quarters along the pipe serving the Uganda National Institute for Special Education.
According to Mr Yann Jondeau, who headed the operation, the illegal connections seem to have been done several years ago.
Water authorities said Kyambogo University has been paying a monthly bill of between Shs15 million and Shs25 million. According to Mr Muhairwe, the water authority loses an estimated Shs2 billion every month due to illegal connections.
When contacted for a comment, the university estates manager, Mr Ambrose Areija, who said he assumed the office four months ago, denied knowledge of the illegal connections.
"I do not know that there are illegal water connections here. If they are there, then they could have been done behind my back but I have not sanctioned any illegal connection."
Source: Stephen Otage and Tabitha Wambui, The Monitor / allAfrica.com, 1 October 2010
Uganda: Lifebuoy to hold health seminar
Posted on October 5, 2010 by westerhof| Leave a comment After the re-launch of Lifebuoy, Unilever Uganda has rolled out a hand washing campaign as a way of transforming behavioral practices when it comes to hygiene and sanitation.
This started with a health symposium in Kampala under the theme "Hand washing with soap for healthier living". Hand-washing with soap is the single, most cost-effective health intervention to secure the family's health according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). The symposium took place on Friday, October 1, 2010 at Golf Course Hotel. The meet is meant to prepare us for the Global Hand washing Day due to take place on October 15.
Key speakers at the symposium included experts in health specifically hand washing from the Ministry of Health, Head teachers and World Bank officials.
"This health event is meant to raise awareness about proper had washing practices which over time have been ignored and taken for granted. Our objective is to reduce the number of children dying from common preventable diseases, which could be reduced by simple every day steps of washing our hands effectively," said Unilever Uganda Country Customer Manager, George Inholo.
Data from the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Programme indicate that hand-washing with soap can reduce diarrhoea incidence by up to 45% and acute respiratory infections by 30%. According to the World Health Organisation, diarrhoea and respiratory infections are responsible for two out of every three deaths in children globally. Mr. Inholo added that, "Lifebuoys' ambition is to change the behaviour of over one billion people globally, to adopt the habit of hand-washing with soap at all critical times into an automatic behaviour by 2015. Unilever Uganda Limited with her partners are committed to inculcating this simple, and yet least-practised life-saving hygiene habit."
Source: Albert Ahabwe, East African Business Week /allAfrica.com, 4 October 2010
Thursday, September 30, 2010
Wednesday, September 29, 2010
Tuesday, September 21, 2010
Uganda: City slum dwellers seek help on sanitation
Posted on September 3, 2010 by westerhof| Leave a comment
Residents living along the Nakivubo Channel in Namuwongo Zone B, one of the most unhygienic slums in the city, have asked the Government to improve sanitation there to fight malaria. Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water. The appeal was made at Muyenga Community Police Post Hall in Makindye Division where officials from the health ministry, with the assistance from local council (LC) authorities, distributed 9,050 treated mosquito nets.
The beneficiaries were mainly mothers, children under five years and the elderly. This was the first phase of the countrywide campaign against malaria. Venance Kakooza, a resident, said: "We have been appealing to our leaders to consider unblocking the trenches and stop rich people from the upper side from letting their sewage flow into our houses to no avail."
He said the sewage was a threat to their health, adding that residents had also complained of the stench. "We thank the Government for giving us nets but it should work on the source of the problem," Kakooza said.
The Inspector General of Police, Maj. Gen. Kale Kayihura, a resident of the area, visited the distribution centre and commended the Police for working together with the local leaders in mobilising residents and for ensuring a peaceful distribution exercise.
The vice-chairperson of Muyenga Hill Zone, Beatrice Mbabazi, said the area comprises 14 zones. She added that LC officials registered the beneficiaries in each home and gave out coupons for obtaining the items.
Source: Eddie Sejjoba, New Vision / allAfrica.com, 1 September 2010
Tuesday, September 14, 2010
Uganda, Kamapala: investment scenarios for pro-poor water services
Posted on August 26, 2010 by dietvorst| Leave a comment
Water service to the urban poor presents challenges to political leaders, regulators and managers. A new study [1] identifies technology mixes of yard taps, public water points (with and without pre-paid meters) to meet alternative constraints, and reflecting populations served and investment requirements.
Three investment scenarios have different implications for improving water access to over 400,000 citizens in Kampala. One component, pre-paid water meters, can promote social equity and institutional sustainability. If procedural justice is given as much weight as distributive justice in the selection of pro-poor programs, pre-paid meters (the ultimate cost recovery tool) can have a place in the investment plan. The study examines how public stand pipes (and a combination of other options) can meet both financial constraints and social objectives. Financial considerations cannot be wished away when seeking effective strategies for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. (author abstract)
[1] Berg, S.V. and Mugishab, S. (2010). Pro-poor water service strategies in developing countries: promoting justice in Uganda's urban project. Water policy ; vol. 12, no. 4 ; p. 589–601. doi:10.2166/wp.2010.120
Read free PDF version
Contact: Dr. Sanford V. Berg, Warrington College of Business, University of Florida, USA, fax: +1-352-3927796, e-mail: sberg@ufl.edu
Monday, August 16, 2010
Kenya, Nyanza: water and sanitation improvements at Atono school
Posted on August 13, 2010 by dietvorst
The water and sanitation facilities at Atono school, especially the girls' urinal, have attracted visitors from within Kenya and from Tanzania, Saudi Arabia and U.S.A. Photo: IRC/Ingeborg Krukkert
Mr Daniel Odhiambo is headmaster of the Atono School in Nyanza – one of only four schools in Kenya with urinals for girls. Netwas Kenya and IRC visited his school recently as part of a UNICEF Kenya study of 43 schools in four districts: Coast (Mombasa); Nyanza (Rachuonyo & Kisumu); Rift Valley (Kajiado); and North Eastern (Garissa). The aim of the study was to find out if the national Kenyan Ministry of Health standard ratio of 1 latrine to 25 girls and 1 toilet to 30 boys can be downgraded if the pupils also have access to urinals, and if so, what would be the new ratio.
This was a follow-up of 2004-2005 research on the enhancement of sanitation and hygiene for Kenya's school children, carried out by IRC together with seven partner organisations in Kenya. That study showed that school toilet standards were not being met.Sanitation and hygiene facilities at the school include:
- Two VIP toilets and a bathroom for teachers.
- Three toilets and a urinal for girls, and three toilets and a urinal for boys.
- Three handwashing vessels, one for each group, with soap.
- Three drinking vessels, one for each group.
- Soap for washing/cleaning the facilities
See a photo story about the water and sanitation improvements at Atono school.
Read more about girls' urinals in the SWASH+ report by Shannon McMahon entitled "Assessing the Feasibility and Acceptability of Girls' Urinals".
Source: Source Bulletin, Aug 2010
Tuesday, August 10, 2010
Burkina Faso: Race to achieve goals on sanitation
Posted on August 3, 2010 by westerhof
The government of Burkina Faso has embarked on the construction of 55,000 latrines each year to improve access to proper sanitation for the population from the present 10 percent to 54 percent by 2015.
According to the authorities, the average rate of access to sanitation in urban areas is currently 20 percent, while in rural areas, it is as low as one percent in some areas.
Burkina Faso will invest 24 million dollars in each of the next five years. The government, which now spends $8 million a year thanks to support from donors, plans to double, even triple its own annual contribution of around $2 million from the national budget.
"When you look at all sectors, things are moving. But on sanitation, a domain so fundamental to quality of life, we can see that we are very far behind," Laurent Sédogo, Burkinabé minister for agriculture, water and fisheries resources told IPS.
"To put it plainly, out of every 1,000 people, only 100 have adequate (sanitation) infrastructure. The other 900 must take to the bush and, to protect their modesty, many wait until the dead of night because of the loss of vegetation," Sédogo said.
Amélie Ouédraogo, a resident of the Tanghin neighbourhood of the Burkinabé capital Ouagadougou, said that construction of latrines will permit the dead to regain their peace. "Even the cemeteries are not safe when night falls. We see people headed there, but we cannot prevent them from relieving themselves."
According to Ouédraogo, the situation is even more dire during the rainy season, because the water which flows through the streets, a favourite playground for children, is polluted. "We have cases of diarrhoea, but people refuse to make the link between these illnesses and their causes."
Mahamoudou Sana, a merchant in one of Ouaga's livestock markets said, "Once we have latrines, both we and our customers can make ablutions and wash ourselves before prayers. Previously, we had to hide ourselves in tall bush to relieve ourselves during the day."
The ministry of health underlines that the absence of toilets leads to illness, notably diarrhoea, which is responsible for 58 percent of child deaths in Burkina.
According to non-governmental organisation WaterAid, some 2,000 children die every day. The NGO adds that simply using toilets could reduce the incidence of diarrhoea by 40 percent; clean toilets, combined with safe drinking water and good hygiene, cases of diarrhoea could be reduced by 90 percent.
WaterAid is worried that 90 percent of African nations will not achieve the Millennium Development Goal on sanitation, and says that African heads of state – who re-committed themselves to promoting maternal health at the July summit of the African Union – to resolve questions of sanitation if they want to reduce child and maternal mortality.
In rural areas, where 80 percent of Burkina Faso's population lives, the government's plan is for 395,000 households to build toilets, as well as the construction of 12,300 public latrines. The programme also foresees 222,000 new household toilets in urban centres, alongside 900 public latrines in schools, health centres, markets and public transit points.
The Burkinabé president, Blaise Compaoré, personally participated in the launch of the campaign, with an eye to enlisting both the general population and international financial partners to make sanitation a national priority.
The government offensive comes after finding that the pace of progress is insufficient to attain the goal on sanitation in a context of rapid population growth. According to the last census in 2006, Burkina Faso's growth rate of three percent is one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa and the world.
"Across West and Central Africa, coverage in urban areas varies between 30 and 60 percent, while in rural areas the rate is from 1 to 22 percent," says Armah Klutsé, of the Regional Centre for Low-cost Water Supply and Sanitation (known by its French acronym, CREPA).
With headquarters in Ouagadougou, CREPA is active in 17 West and Central African countries, where it supports governments in the design and implementation of policy on sanitation and potable water.
"With this display of political will, it seems that action will be taken to achieve (sanitation goals)," Klutsé says.
Source: Brahima Ouédraogo, Inter Press Service / allAfrica.com, 31 July 2010
This entry was posted in Burkina Faso, Sanitation and tagged latrines, MDGs, open defecation. Bookmark the permalink.
Ghana: No toilet facilities for Pong-Tamale Senior High School
Posted on August 4, 2010 by westerhof
Students of Pong-Tamale Senior High School (PONTASS) in the Northern Region are making do with free-range (open defecation) because of lack of toilet facilities at the school.
Most of the over 800 students have deserted the only toilet in the school which is near the boys' dormitory because it is but a harvest of maggots. What is curious is the fact that the school authorities are aware that particular toilet cannot meet the demands of the student population.
The female students are even worse-off, because there is an uncompleted female toilet facility which has been abandoned since 2005. The facility is now a den of snakes and other predators. Students have, on several occasions, reported snake bites and scorpion stings while patronising the free-range or walking towards their dormitories.
The situation becomes very unbearable especially during the rainy season, as students try to evade notorious flies, as well as, device tactics to locate safe grounds to squat and do their own thing in an already messy one.
The school, established in 1991, is one of the two second cycle institutions in the Savelugu-Nanton District of the Northern Region. However, it is seriously reeling under numerous problems, one being the unavailability of proper toilet facilities.
Master Iddrisu Mohammed Rashad, the Senior Boys Prefect, expressed disquiet about the condition, explaining that the open defecation leads to the contamination of the major source of drinking water for the students, a dug-out dam.
Runoff water washes faecal matter into the dam whenever it rains heavily. A visit to the site confirmed that the dam, which lies on a lower gradient is constructed some 50 metres away from the boy's dormitory.
Apart from the unbearable stench that emanates from the open defecation spot, Master Iddrisu Rashad, fears that a possible outbreak of cholera and other ailments are eminent if nothing is done about the situation immediately.
Other challenges facing the school include lack of accommodation for students and staff, lack of a library for the school and lack of potable water. Although the school has been running the boarding system for some time now, over-crowding at the dormitories is a major challenge to students, which sometimes compels them to sleep in their classrooms.
Also, students are forced to use the water from a dug-out dam together with cattle and other domestic animals in the community. It is distressing to learn that most students complain of stomach-ache and other water-related ailment from time to time. For instance, in a week an average of five students report of sickness at either the Savelugu Government Hospital or other health facilities in Tamale.
Source: Kwesi Yirenkyi Boateng, Public Agenda / (allAfrica.com, 2 August 2010
South Africa: Sanitation for 3000 Lukhanji households
Posted on August 6, 2010 by westerhof
Lukhanji Municipality has been listed as one of two municipalities set to benefit from R3-million which has been allocated to wards the upliftment of rural household basic sanitation during the 2010/11 financial year.
The allocation was made possible by the Human Settlements Department with Ngcobo municipality also a beneficiary.
The announcement was made during a Chris Hani District Municipality (CHDM) council meeting on Wednesday. Correspondence by the department to CHDM municipal manager Mpilo Mbambisa in June stated that the allocation would assist in the eradication of rural sanitation backlogs with focus on existing households without access to sanitation and water.
About 3 000 households in the Lukhanji area are to benefit from the allocation in the current financial year while 7 500 have been identified the for the 2011/12 financial year allocation.
Grant requirements include that municipalities have to be ready to implement and have to possess the necessary capacity to ensure that the funding is spent during the allocated financial year. The funds are not transferrable to the municipality but accessed by invoicing the department based on the work done and progress on site. "The grant is meant for households that do not have access to sanitation in rural areas and cannot be used to top us existing funding such as the Municipal Infrastructure Grant," the correspondence stated.
The benefitting municipalities have been asked to identify an area and appoint a service provider in discussion with the department.
The council meeting was told that CHDM had requested the Human Settlements Department to provide the authority with the criteria used in identifying municipalities eligible for funding and it was resolved that the district municipality should work with the two municipalities to identify the eligible areas
Source: Sikho Ntshobane, The Rep / Dispatch online, 6 August 2010
Tuesday, August 3, 2010
UN Recognises Access to Clean Water as a Human Right
NEW YORK, New York, July 29, 2010 (ENS) - Access to clean, safe drinking water is now an official basic human right everywhere in the world, like the rights to life, health, food and adequate housing. The water rights resolution was approved late Wednesday by the United Nations General Assembly, not unanimously, but without opposition.
Safe and clean drinking water and sanitation
is a human right essential to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights, the United Nations General Assembly declared Wednesday, voting to expand the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to include the right to clean water and sanitation.
The 192-member Assembly called on United Nations member states and international organizations to offer funding, technology and other resources to help poorer countries scale up their efforts to provide clean, accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation for everyone.
Introduced by Bolivia, the resolution received 122 votes in favor and zero votes against, while 41 countries abstained from voting.
The text of the resolution expresses deep concern that an estimated 884 million people lack access to safe drinking water and a total of more than 2.6 billion people, 40 percent of the global population, do not have access to basic sanitation. About 1.5 million children under the age of five die each year because of water-related and sanitation-related diseases.
Children draw water from a public well, Uganda, September 2009. (Photo by African Well Fund) |
"Diarrhea is the second most important cause of the death of children below the age of five," said Pablo Solon, Bolivia's ambassador to the United Nations, introducing the resolution. "The lack of access to drinking water kills more children than AIDS, malaria and measles combined."
KAMPALA: Sanitation Status
Introduction
Sanitation provision in Kampala (the capital city of Uganda) is grossly deficient, as in most cities in sub-Saharan Africa: most people do not have access to a hygienic toilet; large amounts of faecal waste are discharged to the environment without adequate treatment; this is likely to have major impacts on infectious disease burden and quality of life (Hutton et al. 2007). This article briefly summarizes the current sanitation situation in Kampala.
Background Information
Kampala is an urban agglomeration with a population of about 1.9 million people (Brinkhoff 2010). It is located on hilly terrain at an altitude of about 1300 m above sea level, on the north shore of Lake Victoria. Climate is tropical wet and dry (Köppen classification Aw). Flooding is frequent and severe (World Bank 2007, New Vision 2010b). Pollutant industrial activities include food-processing and textiles. There is significant agricultural activity within the urban area (Maxwell 1994). A large proportion of the population (40−70% according to AfDB 2006) lives in low-income informal settlements.
Water resources and supply: overview
Kampala's formal water supply (production capacity currently 00,000 m3 per day) is drawn from Lake Victoria's Inner Murchison Bay (Water-technology.net 2010); note that the sewerage system discharges to the same water body (see below), in a situation similar to that seen in Harare. Collignon & Vézina (2000) report the following access data for 1999, based on unspecified UNDP data: in-plot piped supply 36% of households, piped supply from community standpipe 5% of households, non-piped supply or water vendors 59% of households. AfDB (2006) reports that only about 17% of the populations in informal settlements have safe water access.
Sanitation Access
The sewerage system serves less than 10% of the population; other wealthy and middle-income households use septic tanks. AfDB (2006) describes sanitation conditions in informal settlements as appalling: "Land-tenure system and inappropriate technologies have led to the construction of very poor latrines (or no latrines at all)". UN-Habitat (2006) reports access data for two informal settlements (Kivulu in Kagubube Parish and Kinataka in Mbuya I Parish): over 90% of people use unimproved pit latrines, and some residents resort to open defecation and plastic bags. Some informal settlements are also reported to be contaminated by the outflow from the communal septic tanks of large buildings, notably student hostels (AfDB 2006). Public toilets are also reported to be fairly widespread (WUP 2001, UN-Habitat 2006). Cholera outbreaks occur regularly (AfDB 2006, Cholera outbreaks occur regularly (AfDB 2006, New Vision 2010a). widespread (WUP 2001, UN-Habitat 2006). Cholera outbreaks occur regularly (AfDB 2006, New Vision 2010a).
Sewage treatment (sewage = sewered wastes and/or septage)
The existing sewage treatment plant at Bugolobi discharges via a canal (the Navikubo Channel) to Lake Victoria's Inner Murchison Bay. It is reported to have insufficient capacity and to be functioning very poorly (AfDB 2008c). The ongoing AfDB Kampala Sanitation Program (see below) aims to decommission the Bugolobi plant and construct a major new UASB plant in the Navikubo wetland area, another plant in the Kinawataka wetland area, and two sludge treatment plants in the Lubigi and Nakulongo wetland areas.
Sanitation in low-income districts
We are not aware of any detailed mapping of high-sanitation-need districts, or of any specific policy for sanitation improvement in informal settlements. However, AfDB (2006) provides a list of 10 parishes with most pressing water and sanitation requirements: in declining order of priority, these are Kisenyi II (Central Division), Ndeeba (Rubaga Division), Kagugube (Central Division), Kasubi (Rubaga Division), Katwe I (Makindye Division), Mbuya I (Nakawa Division), Nateete (Rubaga Division), Kanyana (Kawempe Division), Kyebando (Kawempe Division) and Bukesa (Central Division). Other informal settlements mentioned in this report (in some cases possibly sub-districts of the districts) already listed are Kivulu, Bwaise, Katwe-Kinyoro, Mulago, Kibuli, Naguru Godown, Soweto, Kitintale, Kalerwe, Kamwokya-Kifumbira, Nakulabye-Kiwuunya, Katanga, Namuwongo-Kikube Mutwe and Wabigalo. At least some of these settlements occupy low-lying swampy areas, and suffer regular flooding (AfDB 2006; see also Nuguwaba 2003). A specific situation analysis of two informal settlements (Kivulu in Kagubube Parish and Kinataka in Mbuya I Parish) is given by UN-Habitat (2006): this includes detailed information on the sanitation situation in these settlements.
Responsibility
There is no integrated responsibility for sewerage and onsite sanitation: sewerage and sewage treatment are the responsibility of the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), while onsite sanitation (including faecal sludge management) is the responsibility of Kampala City Council (AfDB 2006). The World Bank (2008), in specific reference to water supply, notes that Uganda's National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) has a social mission to serve the poor, and that "NWSC has made efforts to connect and serve the poor more effectively (e.g. establishing the Urban Pro-Poor Branch, soliciting pro-poor donor programs) and currently serves about half of the poorest residents of Greater Kampala. But NWSC does not have strong financial incentives to build new connections for Kampala's growing poorest residents without external funding. Firstly, many of these consumers buy water from NWSC at the social "tariff" which only covers O&M costs (both PWPs as well as yard taps shared by multiple families qualify for this lower tariff). Secondly, the amount of water consumed per capita by the poor is very low. Thirdly, because the poor have less consistent payment behaviour, this would require additional cost to maintain NWSC's strong collections record (e.g. investment in pre-payment meters)".
Sanitation Master Plan?
A Kampala Sanitation Master Plan has reportedly been written (AfDB 2006), but we have not been able to obtain a copy of this document. As noted above, the government has also produced a document entitled "Pro-poor strategy for the water and sanitation sector" (DWD 2006); however, this document does not offer detailed strategies, and makes little specific commitment to improving sanitation services in informal settlements.
Sanitation financing
No specific information at present, though information is probably available. [For comments on the challenges of financing water supply for the poor, see "Responsibility" above.
Major investments and donor interventions
Kampala is currently receiving major water and sanitation funding from donors including the African Development Bank, the World Bank and the European Union.
The AfDB's "Kampala Sanitation Program", approved in December 2008 and due to start in February 2010, is a major US$ 55m project reportedly focusing on improving sanitation in informal settlements. However, it remains unclear whether the project will have genuine pro-poor impact. The project webpage (AfDB 2008a) states that the project will involve rehabilitation and extension of Kampala's sewerage system, construction of major new wastewater treatment facilities (including biogas generation), and parallel improvement of faecal sludge management in informal settlements; sewerage coverage will be increased from about 7% of the population to about 30%, mainly by increasing access of "the urban poor population, living in the informal settlements". The only published documents currently available are a procurement notice (AfDB 2008b) and an environmental and social impact analysis (AfDB 2008c); both documents are discouraging in that they discuss only the major sewerage infrastructure, and make no mention of the putative pro-poor interventions in informal settlements. Indeed, AfDB (2008c) states that the project's main aim is to improve water quality in Lake Victoria's Inner Murchison Bay. It would be of great interest to obtain independent assessments of whether this major project is indeed serving informal settlements, whether through sewerage connection or through significant and effective investment in onsite sanitation and associated desludging infrastructure and services.
The AfDB's "Implementation of an Integrated Project of Water & Sanitation Services for the Urban Poor in Kagugube Parish, Kampala" project was approved in December 2006 (AfDB 2006), reportedly started December 2007, and is reportedly ongoing. This is a 760,000€ project involving provision of piped water supply (communal standpipes) and subsidized on-site sanitation (at least 500, including at least 250 dry toilets) in four informal settlements (Kivulu 1, Kivulu 2, Kagubube and Kitamanyangamba) in Kagubube Parish. We do not currently have independent information on the progress of this project; it would certainly be of interest to have information on whether dry toilets have been used effectively.
The World Bank's "OBA in Kampala - Water Connections for the Poor" project, approved May 2008 and nominally due to finalize in December 2011, aims to provide piped water supply (not sanitation) to
The World Bank's "Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project", approved in November 2007 and nominally due to finalize in December 2010, has no sanitation component but has reportedly allocated US$ 8.5m to storm water drainage, in view of Kampala's severe flooding problems. We do not know to what extent this project will reduce flooding in low-income settlements.
Sources and further reading
Extensive documentation, particularly related to utilities management and issues such as tariffing, is available from RUWAS (Reform of the Urban Water and Sanitation Programme): http://www.ruwas.co.ug/ppp.html
National Water and Sewerage Corporation: http://www.nwsc.co.ug/
Kampala City Council does not currently have an active website.
References
AfDB (2000) Project Performance Evaluation Report: Uganda - Five urban centres water supply and sewerage rehabilitation project. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Evaluation-Reports/05188234-EN-UGANDA-5-URBAN-CENTERS-WATER-SUPPLY-AND-SEWE.PDF
AfDB (2006) Appraisal Report: Implementation of an Integrated Project of Water & Sanitation Services for the Urban Poor in Kagugube Parish, Kampala. http://www.africanwaterfacility.org/fileadmin/uploads/awf/projects-activities/APPRAISAL%20NWSC%2021.DEC.2006_0.PDF
AfDB (2008a) Kampala Sanitation Program. http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ug-e00-008/
AfDB (2008b) Kampala Sanitation Program: General Procurement Notice. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-related-Procurement/30774546-EN-GPNUGANDASANITATION-12.PDF
AfDB (2008c) Uganda - Kampala Sanitation Programme: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/ADF-BD-IF-2008-144-EN-UGANDA-ESIA-KAMPALA-SANITATION-PROGRAMME.PDF
Brinkhoff T (2010) City Population. http://www.citypopulation.de
Collignon B & Vézina M (2000) Independent water and sanitation providers in African cities. WSP. http://www.partnershipsforwater.net/psp/tc/TC_Tools/010B_Indep%20providers%20Africa.pdf
DWD [Directorate of Water Development] (2006) Pro-poor strategy for the water and sanitation sector. http://www.ruwas.co.ug/reports/Pro-poor%20Strategy.pdf
Hutton G, Haller L & Bartram J (2007) Economic and health effects of increasing coverage of low cost household drinking-water supply and sanitation interventions to countries off-track to meet MDG target 10. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization. http://www.irc.nl/page/38443
Kulabako NR, Nalubega M & Thunvik R (2007) Study of the impact of land use and hydrogeological settings on the shallow groundwater quality in a peri-urban area of Kampala, Uganda. Science of The Total Environment 381(1-3): 180-199. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.03.035. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V78-4NT57J3-1&_user=121707&_coverDate=08%2F01%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1350225563&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000009958&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=121707&md5=0e76ea2f7c0b55c7afece53d2a90ac1d
Maxwell D (1994) Internal struggles over resources, external struggles for survival: urban women and subsistence household production. Urban Agriculture Notes. http://www.cityfarmer.org/danmax.html
New Vision (2010a) "Water costs higher in Kampala slums". News report 8 April 2010. http://washafrica.wordpress.com/2010/04/08/uganda-water-costs-higher-in-kampala-slums/
New Vision (2010b) "Floods hit Kampala City Suburbs". News report 9 May 2010. http://allafrica.com/stories/201005100171.html
Nuguwaba A (2003) urban poverty and environmental health: the case of Kampala City, Uganda. http://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=%22Urban+poverty+and+environmental+health%3A+the+case+of+Kampala+City%2C+Uganda%22&btnG=Search+Books
UNEP/GRID-Arendal (2002) Water availability in Africa. UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library. http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/water_availability_in_africa.
UN-Habitat (2006) Situation Analysis of Informal Settlements in Kampala http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2335
Water-technology.net (2010) Kampala Water Supply and Sanitation Expansion Programme, Uganda. Undated web report, consulted 27 May 2010. http://www.water-technology.net/projects/kampala/
World Bank (2007) Project Appraisal Document: Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project. http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?menuPK=51447259&pagePK=51351007&piPK=64675967&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=51351213&theSitePK=40941&entityID=000310607_20071019094217&searchMenuPK=51351213&theSitePK=40941
World Bank (2008) Project Appraisal Document: OBA in Kampala - Water Connections for the Poor. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000334955_20090708041629
WUP [Water Utility Partnership] (2001) Public toilet operator, Kampala, Uganda. http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/waterandsanitation/resources/caseExamples/narrative-form.html
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